Between Misunderstanding and Distortion: The European View on the First Ban on Christianity in Qing China

 "Between Misunderstanding and Distortion: The European View on the First Ban on Christianity in Qing China." Journal of Asian History 57-1+2 (2023): 263-289.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iRwD0jftAKOJOwjBOMp2ITv419kluTQF/view?usp=drive_link

This article deals with European missionaries' misunderstanding (or distortion) of the 1669 ban on Christianity, the first government-level measure of the Qing dynasty to address the European clergy. This misunderstanding is particularly evident in the missionaries' contrasting interpretations of the 1669 ban and the conclusion reached by the Council of Delib-erative Princes and Officials in the same year, the initial form of the ban before it was modifed by the Kangxi emperor. Whereas the latter was perceived as "hopeful, advantageous, just, and fair", the former was criticized as "unjust and unfair". However, the council's conclusion was not as favorable to Christianity as the missionaries thought. Most importantly, it reflected the Qing government's longtime religious policy which held that the collective practice of religion, or religious gatherings (simiao juhui 寺廟聚會), were undesirable. Under this policy, such gatherings were likely to be prohibited. The Christians' collective practice of their religion, including the celebration of Mass, was not treated as an exception.



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Xenophobia Among Han Chinese Elites in the High Qing

 "Xenophobia Among Han Chinese Elites in the High Qing." Late Imperial China 45-2 (2024): 81-111. https://drive.google.com/file/d/11BryImvWOkxQSum4M3z8bSlSmSFXt8i5/view?usp=drive_link This article examines how Han Chinese elites reacted to foreign influences in the eighteenth century. As domestic politics shifted, anti-foreign sentiments increased, with Han literati expressing intertwined resentments toward Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism, and Manchu rule. These issues were often entangled and carefully discussed under Qing censorship. While initially subtle, these anti-foreign feelings surfaced in works like the novel Yesou puyan , reflecting growing dissatisfaction with foreign elements and foreshadowing the rise of anti-Manchu sentiments near the end of the Qing dynasty.
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The Manchu Ruler, the Xiyangs, and the Han Elite — Focusing on the Kangxi Emperor’s Response to the Papal Legate’s Visit in 1705

 "The Manchu Ruler, the Xiyangs, and the Han Elite — Focusing on the Kangxi Emperor’s Response to the Papal Legate’s Visit in 1705." Dongyang sahak yŏn’g u (Journal of Asian Historical Studies) 155 (2021): 275–359. 滿洲皇帝, 西洋人 그리고 漢人 ― 敎皇 特使 중국 방문(1705)에 대한 康熙帝의 대처를 중심으로 ―,  『東洋史學研究 』  155, 2021, pp.275-359 https://drive.google.com/file/d/18jY05w807OTRLqYbNP3r18nIhk1MgU-M/view?usp=sharing This article examines the Kangxi emperor’s response to the Rites Controversy in his late reign. When Xuanye was enthroned, one of the central issues he faced was consolidating the Qing rule over his diverse constituents. Towards the late 1690s to 1710s, the emperor’s focus was mainly on Han subjects, and the then relatively stable northern front enabled him to focus more on the ‘southern front’. At this juncture, Xuanye encountered an unexpected challenge, i.e., the Xiyangs’ denial of seminal Chinese rites. In 1707, at Nanjing, the symbolic place for the Han tradition, the Xiyang legate Ch...
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Beyond Their Own : Conflicts between the Papal Envoy Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon and the Jesuits in the Early Eighteenth Century over a Real Estate Contract in the Inner City of Beijing (in Korean)

｢오해와 진실 사이 - 18세기 초 북경 예수회 내성(內城) 부동산 계약을 둘러싼 교황 특사 투르농(Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon)과 예수회의 충돌｣, 『인문사회과학연구』25-1, 2024, pp.43-73. https://drive.google.com/file/d/153PcoUlEPSSrKIdvni6yU3KFhL48LCT0/view?usp=drive_link This article examines a contract for a house in the Inner City of Beijing signed by the Jesuits in 1705 and the subsequent controversy between the Jesuits and the papal envoy Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon (1668–1710). The seller of the house was the son of the Governor-General of Guangdong-Guangxi Provinces, a Bordered Red bannerman, who lived in the southwest of the Inner City of Beijing, and the buyers were the Jesuit missionaries of the South Church (nantang), or College of St. Joseph, who were in the service of the Kangxi emperor in Peking. Tournon, who was in Peking at the time to re-investigate the Rites Controversy, denounced the contract as a loan disguised as a sales contract, and the Jesuits responded that Tournon’s understanding reflected his ignorance ...
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